《Magic and the Mind》魔法与心灵

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简介:

Further, I assumed that in the early stages of history magical/religiousinfluences on people for the purpose of healing or bringing harm were basedon suggestion. With the onset of scientific ideology, overt magical rituals werediscarded, yet suggestion remains the most effective way to manipulate massconsciousness in such areas as religion, politics, commerce, and psychotherapy.This brought me to the notion that ordinary suggestion todaymay be based on the same psychological mechanism as was magical suggestionin the times before science. I conducted a series of experiments that, Ibelieve, showed that this common mechanism does exist. This finding hasimportant implications for understanding the psychological-historical continuityof the techniques used to influence and control people’s minds.In the common view today, political power is based on rationally controlledelectoral processes, and not on magical beliefs. Contrary to this view, ifmagical and ordinary types of suggestion are based on the same psychologicalmechanism, then suggestive persuasion techniques used in political rhetoricand commercial advertising may be viewed as historically evolving frommagical practices. Psychologically, these techniques rely on the individuals’tendency to involuntarily accept messages that they might find unacceptablefrom a rational standpoint, and in many cases, these persuasion techniqueswork. For example, influenced by clever advertising, people sometimes buyproducts that they know they do not need—they just cannot resist. In otherwords, suggestion is literally the magic of today.In order to protect themselves from magical manipulation, people developsophisticated defense mechanisms. Yet throughout their lifespan peopleremain curious about magical events, and, though subconsciously, manyappear to believe in magic. Through experimental research, I have tried tofind new evidence that will help us to better understand some old theoreticalissues, such as the relationship between magic and science, and magic andreligion. Doing research on the development of magical thinking has alsohelped me to find a common psychological factor that underlies developmentalchanges in cognitive domains: theory of mind, distinguishing appearancefrom reality, children’s drawings, reality monitoring, and more.As a result, the development of the human mind can be presented as thegrowing differentiation and diversification of two main domains of reality: thedomain of ordinary reality, in which rational and logical science reigns, andthe domain of magical reality, where magic and religion hold sway. In the lifeof a modern person, magical thinking and magical beliefs, together withreligious beliefs, perform many important functions, such as reducing anxiety,boosting creativity, and providing meaning of life. They complement thedevelopment of rational and scientific thinking and are a fascinating topicfor psychological research.I began these studies in Moscow in 1982, and continued them in Germany,England, and Mexico. Most of my results have been published in journals such asDevelopmental Psychology, Developmental Review, British Journal ofDevelopmental Psychology, British Journal of Psychology, and Psychologist,and some were presented at international conferences. Yet by and large, mystudies have remained scattered and fragmented. This book is an attempt to putthem together and to place them within the context of other studies on magicalthinking. Inevitably, certain material from the book has been adapted frommaterial published in the aforementioned journals. I am grateful to my studentswho helped me to conduct some of the experiments reviewed in this book.A special thanks to my colleagues Karl Rosengren, Paul Harris, Carl Johnson,Jacqueline Woolley, and Carol Nemeroff for their friendly feedback and supportof my work. And of course, my gratitude goes to the editor of this book, SarahHarrington, for her belief in this project, imaginative and efficient editing, andvaluable suggestions.I dedicate this book to all scientists who can sense the mystery that layhidden behind the known physical and nonphysical worlds.

语言:

英文

格式:

pdf

作者:

Eugene Subbotsky

Chapter 1 Magical Reality 3Magical Causation: Mind Over Matter and Mind OverMind 5Magical Thinking, Magical Beliefs, Magical Behavior,and Other Constructs 7The Science of Magic and the Magic of Science 8Magic and Religion: Institutionalized andNoninstitutionalized Magical Beliefs 12The State of the Problem 13Hypotheses and Predictions 14Chapter 2 Children and Magic 18Children’s Magical Behavior: A Belief ora Misunderstanding? 20When Magic Meets Science: CanChildren Believe Both? 21Chapter 3 Verbal Magical Beliefs and Children’s EverydayExperience 24Magic as an Anomalous Experience 24The Belief in Question: Testing the Entrenchmentof Magical Beliefs 27Chapter 4 Magical Thinking and Children’s CognitiveDevelopment 34Does Magic Play a Role? 34Magical Thinking and Creativity: The Study 37Chapter 5 Beyond Childhood 45Magic Without Magic: Adults’ Reactions toCounterintuitive Physical Events 46The Spectrum of Magical Phenomena: Evidence FromAnthropology, Psychology, and Psychopathology 48Bringing Magical Beliefs to the Surface:The Role of Cost 51Chapter 6 Culture and Magical Thinking 54Preaching Science and Practicing Magic:A Sandwich of Beliefs 55Belief in Science: How Deep Under the Skin? 56A Magical Bridge Across the Atlantic:From Mexico to Britain 57Uses and Misuses of Magical Beliefs 60Chapter 7 Magic and Exploratory Behavior 63Weird but Interesting: Curiosity Toward theSupernatural 64Magical Versus Counterintuitive Physical:The M/CP Effect 65Chapter 8 Magical Thinking and Imagination 79Are Mental Objects Permanent? 80Physical Versus Fictional: Domains ofImaginary Reality 81Can Magical Suggestion Change Imagination?Mind-Over-Mind Magic 82Turning a Rabbit Into a Fish: The Mind-Over-MindMagic Experiment 84Cursing One’s Future: Magic and Personal Destiny 91Chapter 9 Magic and Human Communication 96Magical and Ordinary Suggestion: Are TheyClose Relatives? 97The Mechanism of Magical Influence: Participation 98Communicative Magic: The Study 99The Magic of Today: Communicative Magic andIndirect Persuasion Techniques 110Chapter 10 Magical Beliefs and Psychological Defense 115Alliance Against Magic: Science and Religion 116Now It’s There, Now It Isn’t: Cognitive DefenseAgainst Magical Intervention 118Seeing Bad Dreams: Magical Influence andEmotional Defense 121Chapter 11 Magical Thinking and the Mind 132Two Realities: The Structure of the Mind 134Functions of Magical Reality 136Ordinary Reality: The Realm of Science 140Magical Reality: The Realm of Magic and Religion 144Existentialization as the Work of the Mind 147Separating the Magical From the Ordinary:The Developmental Perspective 150Existentialization and Developmental Research 154Chapter 12 Magical Thinking and Beliefs Across the Lifespan:A Summary 163Childhood: The Dawn of Magic 163Adulthood: Magic in Power and Magic in Exile 165Epilogue: Plunging Into a Utopia 170Notes 176Bibliography 181Index 198Andyanrt，如果您要查看本帖隐藏内容请

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摘要：《Magic and the Mind》魔法与心灵是一本关于魔法与心灵的书籍，通过魔法的力量探索人类的心灵世界。本文将从四个方面对《Magic and the Mind》进行详细阐述，包括魔法的起源、魔法对人类心理的影响、魔法的心理治疗作用以及魔法的心灵探索功能。

1、魔法的起源

魔法作为一种神奇的力量，早在古代就在人类社会中存在。从古埃及的法老时代到中世纪的巫术时代，魔法一直是人们探索未知的手段之一。魔法的起源可以追溯到人类对自然力量的崇拜和神秘力量的向往。通过对魔法的起源的探讨，我们可以更好地理解魔法对人类心灵的影响。

魔法的起源可以分为两个方面：宗教与神秘。在古代，人类对自然力量和神灵的崇拜往往与魔法紧密相连。许多宗教仪式和神秘仪式都与魔法有着千丝万缕的联系。魔法师通常是一些宗教或神秘组织的成员，他们通过各种仪式和咒语来调动神灵的力量，实现自己的愿望。

然而，魔法并不仅仅是一种宗教或神秘的表现形式。在中世纪，巫术成为了一种被禁止的行为，但魔法的力量依然存在。许多人开始将魔法视为一种禁忌的力量，但仍然无法抵挡魔法的吸引力。魔法师通过各种手段和工具来施展魔法，尽管被视为邪恶，但他们依然能够掌握神秘的力量。

通过对魔法的起源的了解，我们可以更好地理解魔法对人类心灵的影响。魔法的起源既与宗教仪式和神秘力量相连，也与人们对未知力量的向往和探索有关。

2、魔法对人类心理的影响

魔法作为一种神秘的力量，对人类心理产生着深远的影响。首先，魔法给人们带来了无限的想象力和创造力。通过魔法，人们可以突破常规的思维模式，创造出各种奇幻的事物和场景。魔法激发了人们内心深处的潜力，使他们能够超越现实的限制，创造出无限可能。

其次，魔法给人们带来了希望和信仰。在面对困难和挑战时，人们常常会寻找一种力量来支持自己。魔法作为一种神秘的力量，给人们带来了希望和信仰。通过魔法，人们可以相信自己可以战胜困难，实现自己的梦想。

另外，魔法还可以帮助人们理解和处理自己的情绪和心理问题。通过魔法，人们可以将自己的情绪和内心世界投射到魔法的世界中，找到解决问题的方法和答案。魔法成为了一种心理治疗的工具，帮助人们认识和理解自己，实现心灵的成长和发展。

综上所述，魔法对人类心理产生着深远的影响。它激发了人们的想象力和创造力，给人们带来了希望和信仰，同时也成为了一种心理治疗的工具。

3、魔法的心理治疗作用

魔法作为一种神秘的力量，具有一定的心理治疗作用。首先，魔法可以帮助人们放松身心，缓解压力和焦虑。通过参与魔法表演或学习魔法技巧，人们可以转移注意力，减轻自身的压力和焦虑。魔法表演本身也是一种艺术形式，可以给人们带来愉悦和放松。

其次，魔法可以帮助人们面对和处理自己的情绪和心理问题。通过魔法表演或参与魔法治疗，人们可以将自己的情绪和内心世界投射到魔法的世界中，找到解决问题的方法和答案。魔法成为了一种心理治疗的工具，帮助人们认识和理解自己，实现心灵的成长和发展。

另外，魔法还可以帮助人们建立自信和自尊。通过掌握魔法的技巧和表演魔术，人们可以获得他人的认可和赞赏，增强自己的自信心和自尊心。魔法表演本身也是一种展示自己才华和能力的方式，可以让人们感到自豪和满足。

综上所述，魔法具有一定的心理治疗作用。它可以帮助人们放松身心，缓解压力和焦虑，帮助人们面对和处理自己的情绪和心理问题，同时也可以帮助人们建立自信和自尊。

4、魔法的心灵探索功能

魔法作为一种神秘的力量，具有一定的心灵探索功能。首先，魔法可以帮助人们探索自己的内心世界。通过参与魔法表演或学习魔法技巧，人们可以触发自己内心深处的潜能，了解自己的梦想和渴望。魔法成为了一种连接内在和外在的桥梁，帮助人们更好地认识和理解自己。

其次，魔法可以帮助人们探索未知的世界。魔法的世界充满了神秘和未知，人们可以通过魔法的力量，探索未知的领域，开拓自己的思维和视野。魔法成为了一种突破常规思维的工具，帮助人们超越现实的限制，探索更广阔的世界。

另外，魔法还可以帮助人们与他人建立更深层次的联系。通过魔法表演或共同参与魔法活动，人们可以相互交流和分享自己的心灵体验，建立更紧密的关系。魔法成为了一种沟通和交流的方式，让人们更加亲近和理解彼此。

综上所述，魔法具有一定的心灵探索功能。它可以帮助人们探索自己的内心世界，探索未知的世界，同时也可以帮助人们与他人建立更深层次的联系。

总结：

通过对《Magic and the Mind》魔法与心灵的详细阐述，我们可以看到魔法作为一种神秘的力量，对人类心灵产生着深远的影响。它激发了人们的想象力和创造力，给人们带来了希望和信仰，同时也成为了一种心理治疗的工具。魔法还具有一定的心灵探索功能，可以帮助人们探索自己的内心世界，探索未知的世界，同时也可以帮助人们与他人建立更深层次的联系。通过对魔法的研究和探索，我们可以更好地理解人类的心灵世界，实现心灵的成长和发展。

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