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PLACES OF REFUGE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE CMI DRAFT CONVENTIONPDF电子书下载

外文

• 作 者：
• 出 版 社：LLOYDS LIST
• 出版年份：2010
• ISBN：1843118411
• 页数：465 页

图书介绍： 查看图书目录点击购买PDF全本电子书 上一篇：CONTEMPORARY ECONOMICS A UNIFYING APPROACH下一篇：HANDBOOK OF MICROTITER PROCEDURES 《PLACES OF REFUGE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE CMI DRAFT CONVENTION》目录 标签：

1.INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW1

2.THE CONTEXT OF RECENT POLICY DEVELOPMENTS3

2.1.Notable shipping incidents3

2.2.The regulatory response5

2.2.1.The response from the International Maritime Organization5

2.2.1.1.The IMO Guidelines on places of refuge for ships in need of assistance5

2.2.1.2.The rejection by the IMO Legal Committee of a treaty initiative7

2.2.2.The response from regional organisations9

2.2.2.1.The EU VTMIS Directive9

2.2.2.2.Operational agreements within regional coastal State organisations12

2.2.3.The response from States13

2.3.Uncertainty about international law on the accommodation of ships in need of assistance in places of refuge14

3.CURRENT INTERNATIONAL LAW ON THE ACCOMMODATIONOFSHIPS IN DISTRESS IN PLACES OF REFUGE17

3.1.Methodology and classification of relevant legal sources17

3.2.Summary of the right of access under customary law21

3.3.Conventions26

3.3.1.The International Regime of Maritime Ports26

3.3.2.The Geneva Territorial Sea Convention28

3.3.2.1.Importance28

3.3.2.2.State sovereignty29

3.3.2.3.Instances of innocent passage29

3.3.2.4.Stopping and anchoring in the territorial sea30

3.3.2.5.Innocence of passage33

3.3.2.6.Measures by coastal States34

3.3.2.7.Meaning of French"relache forcee"36

3.3.2.8.Ships already distressed before entering the territorial sea37

3.3.2.9.Laws and regulations of the coastal State39

3.3.2.10.Suspension of innocent passage40

3.3.2.11.Charges levied upon ships40

3.3.2.12.Conclusion40

3.3.3.The UN Law of the Sea Convention41

3.3.3.1.General scope of the Convention41

3.3.3.2.Overview of relevant rules42

3.3.3.3.State sovereignty42

3.3.3.4.Instances of innocent passage42

3.3.3.5.Stopping and anchoring in the territorial sea44

3.3.3.6.Innocence of passage47

3.3.3.7.Laws and regulations of the coastal State49

3.3.3.8.Measures by coastal States49

3.3.3.9.The International Law Association’s position on casualty ships52

3.3.3.10.Suspension of innocent passage55

3.3.3.11.Charges levied upon ships56

3.3.3.12.Duty to render assistance57

3.3.3.13.Protection of the marine environment58

3.3.3.14.Enforcement immunity of ships in distress61

3.3.3.15.Conclusion61

3.3.4.The Intervention Convention62

3.3.5.The London Salvage Convention68

3.3.6.Other relevant multilateral conventions70

3.3.7.Bilateral friendship,commerce and navigation treaties74

3.3.8.Treaties on international waterways77

3.4.Case law78

3.4.1.Significance and selection78

3.4.2.The Eleanor(1809)79

3.4.3.The Schooner Exchange(1812)80

3.4.4.The New York(1818)81

3.4.5.The North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Case(1910)81

3.4.6.The Rebecca(1929)82

3.4.7.The Stanislaw Dubois(1981)83

3.4.8.Poulsen(The Onkel Sam)(1992)85

3.4.9.The Frontier(1992)86

3.4.10.The Toledo(1995)87

3.4.11.The Long Lin(1995)90

3.4.12.Synthesis93

3.5.The IMO Guidelines on places of refuge for ships in need of assistance94

3.6.European law99

3.6.1.European Union Law99

3.6.2.Other regional European law109

3.7.National regulations and administrative practice111

3.8.General principles of law117

3.9.Legal doctrine117

3.9.1.Classification of available material117

3.9.2.Legal doctrine tending towards an absolute right of entry121

3.9.3.Legal doctrine tending towards a qualified right of entry132

3.9.4.Legal doctrine tending towards an absolute right of refusal140

3.9.5.Viewpoints in some recent in-depth studies141

3.9.5.1.Hydeman and Berman(1960)141

3.9.5.2.Devine(1991 and 1996)143

3.9.5.3.Lagoni(1988 and 2001)144

3.9.5.4.Van Hooydonk(2003)145

3.9.5.5.Somers(2004)148

3.9.5.6.Chircop(2006)149

3.9.5.7.Gadow-Stephani(2006)151

3.9.5.8.Nordquist(2007)152

3.9.5.9.Ringbom(2008)154

3.10.Synthesis and attempt at elucidation155

3.10.1.The state of international law155

3.10.2.Present-day relevance of the right of entry156

3.10.3.The need for a precise delineation of the right of refusal162

3.10.3.1.Legal uncertainty in respect of the foundations and outlines of the right of refusal162

3.10.3.2.First position:refusal of entry on the basis of"circumstances precluding wrongfulness"164

3.10.3.3.Second position:refusal of entry integrated into the primary legal regime of the accommodation of ships in distress167

3.10.3.4.Conclusion:the customary law outlines of the right of refusal of entry and the powers of judicial review170

3.11.Towards a codification of a presumption of entry and principles of good administration177

4.THE GENESIS,NECESSITY AND STATUS OF THE CMI DRAFT CONVENTION179

4.1.Genesis of the CMI Draft Convention179

4.1.1.CMI activities before the Athens Conference179

4.1.2.The CMI Conference in Athens180

4.2.Necessity of the CMI Draft Convention182

4.2.1.Demonstration of a"compelling need"182

4.2.2.Absence of well-founded objections to a treaty regulation187

4.3.Status of the CMI Draft Convention191

4.3.1."Draft Instrument"or"Draft Convention"?191

4.3.2.Relationship between the CMI Draft Convention and other sources of law192

4.3.2.1.A distinction based on the current status of the instrument192

4.3.2.2.The CMI Draft Convention as a codification instrument adopted by an NGO192

4.3.2.3.The CMI Draft Convention after its entry into force as an international treaty195

4.3.2.3.1.Relation to national law195

4.3.2.3.2.Relation to other international instruments196

4.3.2.3.3.Relation to European Union law198

5.CONTENT OF THE CMI DRAFT CONVENTION203

5.1.Structure of the CMI Draft Convention203

5.2.Analysis of the preamble203

5.2.1.First recital:the importance of the availability of places of refuge204

5.2.2.Second recital:the necessity of taking into account all interests involved204

5.2.3.Third recital:the necessity of a clarification of the international liability regime205

5.2.4.Fourth recital:uncertainty regarding the right of access under customary law206

5.2.5.Fifth recital:reference to IMO instruments207

5.2.6.Sixth recital:the need for a legally binding instrument regarding the granting or refusal of entry to ships in need of assistance209

5.2.7.Seventh recital:purpose of the CMI Draft Convention209

5.3.Analysis of the material provisions211

5.3.1.Article 1:Definitions211

5.3.1.1.General tenor211

5.3.1.2.The notion of a"ship"211

5.3.1.3.The notion of a"ship in need of assistance"214

5.3.1.4.The notion of a"place of refuge"224

5.3.1.5.The notion of a"competent authority"227

5.3.1.6.The notion of an"assessment"232

5.3.1.7.The notion of a"ship owner"234

5.3.1.8.The notion of a"registered owner"235

5.3.2.Article 2:Object and purpose235

5.3.3.Article 3:Legal obligation to grant access to a place of refuge237

5.3.3.1.Three alternative wordings237

5.3.3.2.The obligation in principle to grant access237

5.3.3.3.First option:refusal of access on grounds of a risk assessment240

5.3.3.4.Second option:refusal of access on grounds of a risk assessment and taking into account financial securities246

5.3.3.5.Third option:refusal of access on grounds of a risk assessment or the absence of financial securities248

5.3.3.6.Relationship to international customary law concerning access to places of refuge250

5.3.3.7.The obligation to seek alternative solutions253

5.3.3.8.Reservation regarding the competent authority’s right to make a claim for salvage256

5.3.4.Article 4:Immunity from liability where access is granted reasonably259

5.3.5.Article 5:Liability to another State,a third party,the ship owner or salvor where refusal of access is unreasonable265

5.3.5.1.Scope of the liability265

5.3.5.2.Right to sue270

5.3.5.3.Liable authorities272

5.3.5.4.Burden of proof273

5.3.5.5.Breach of duty on the part of the competent authority under the marine pollution liability conventions279

5.3.6.Article 6:Reasonable conduct282

5.3.7.Article 7:Guarantees287

5.3.7.1.The necessity of a regulation287

5.3.7.2.First option:limitation of financial security to a reasonable amount not exceeding the LLMC limit for property claims292

5.3.7.3.Second option:limitation of financial security to a reasonable amount not exceeding the LLMC limit for property claims and a reasonable additional amount for wreck removal307

5.3.7.4.Third option:limitation of the financial security to a reasonable amount308

5.3.8.Article 8:Plans to accommodate ships in need of assistance309

5.3.9.Article 9:Identification of competent authority313

5.4.Matters not regulated by the CMI Draft Convention315

6.COMPARISON OF THE CMI DRAFT CONVENTION WITH THE EUROPEAN REGIME OF PLACES OF REFUGE323

6.1.Similarities323

6.2.Differences324

7.THE FURTHER ROLE OF THE CMI DRAFT CONVENTION327

7.1.Discussion as a draft convention by the Legal Committee of the International Maritime Organization327

7.2.Possible impact on international customary law,regional regulations,operational decision-making and case law329

8.CONCLUSIONS331

8.1.Current state of international law331

8.2.Significance of the CMI Draft Convention331

9.APPENDICES333

9.1.CMI documents333

9.1.1.The CMI Draft Instrument333

9.1.1.1.CMI Draft Instrument on Places of Refuge(final version of 17 October 2008)333

9.1.1.2.Resolution adopted by the 39th CMI Conference in connection with the Draft Instrument on Places of Refuge-Athens 17 October 2008337

9.1.2.Other CMI documents337

9.1.2.1.Draft version of the CMI Draft Instrument on Places of Refuge as submitted to the CMI Cape Town Colloquium(2006)337

9.1.2.2.Draft version of the CMI Draft Instrument on Places of Refuge as submitted to the CMI Athens Conference(2008)341

9.1.2.3.Final Report of the CMI to the Legal Committee of the IMO(IMO Doc.LEG 95/9,23 January 2009)346

9.2.IMO Documents356

9.2.1.IMO Guidelines on places of refuge for ships in need of assistance356

9.2.2.IMO Guidelines on the control of ships in an emergency364

9.2.3.Report of the Legal Committee on the work of its ninety-fifth session(IMO Doc.LEG 95/10,22 April 2009)(excerpt)369

9.3.EU Documents370

9.3.1.Directive 2002/59/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 establishing a Community vessel traffic monitoring and information system and repealing Council Directive 93/75/EEC370

9.3.2.European Parliament Resolution on improving safety at sea in response to the Prestige accident(2003/2066(INI))387

9.3.3.Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2002/59/EC establishing a Community vessel traffic monitoring and information system(COM/2005/0589 final)396

9.3.4.Directive 2009/17/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 2002/59/EC establishing a Community vessel traffic monitoring and information system418

9.3.5.Consolidated version of Directive 2002/59/EC establishing a Community vessel traffic monitoring and information system433

9.4.Summary of international law regimes of ships in need of assistance459

Index461

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摘要：本文以“PLACES OF REFUGE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE CMI DRAFT CONVENTION.pdf电子书版文档下载”为中心，从国际法、CMI草案公约、难民保护以及国际实践四个方面对电子书进行详细阐述，旨在探讨国际法在难民保护中的作用，以及CMI草案公约对国际难民保护的影响。

1、国际法

国际法在难民保护中扮演着至关重要的角色。首先，国际法为难民提供了法律地位和权利保障，如《联合国难民公约》和《日内瓦公约》等。这些公约明确了难民的定义、资格以及保护措施，为国际社会提供了共同的法律框架。其次，国际法规定了国家在难民保护方面的义务和责任，如提供庇护、防止迫害和歧视等。此外，国际法还强调国际合作，要求各国共同应对难民危机，共同保障难民的基本人权。

在“PLACES OF REFUGE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE CMI DRAFT CONVENTION.pdf电子书版文档下载”中，作者详细分析了国际法在难民保护中的地位和作用，指出国际法为难民提供了法律保障，同时也要求各国履行国际义务，共同应对难民危机。

此外，电子书还探讨了国际法在难民保护中的局限性，如国际法的适用范围有限、执行力度不足等问题。作者认为，要解决这些问题，需要进一步完善国际法体系，加强国际合作，共同推动难民保护事业的发展。

2、CMI草案公约

CMI草案公约是国际社会为解决难民问题而制定的一项重要公约。该公约旨在建立一套全面的难民保护机制，包括难民认定、庇护程序、难民待遇等。CMI草案公约具有以下特点：一是强调难民保护的国际合作；二是明确难民认定标准；三是规定庇护程序和难民待遇；四是强调难民保护的人道主义原则。

在“PLACES OF REFUGE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE CMI DRAFT CONVENTION.pdf电子书版文档下载”中，作者对CMI草案公约进行了深入分析，指出该公约对国际难民保护具有重要意义。首先，CMI草案公约有助于明确难民认定标准，减少难民认定过程中的争议。其次，CMI草案公约规定了庇护程序和难民待遇，为难民提供了更加公正和有效的保护。最后，CMI草案公约强调人道主义原则，有助于提高国际社会对难民问题的关注和重视。

然而，CMI草案公约也面临一些挑战，如各国在实施过程中的差异、公约的执行力度不足等问题。作者认为，要解决这些问题，需要各国共同努力，加强国际合作，确保CMI草案公约的有效实施。

3、难民保护

难民保护是国际社会共同面临的挑战。在“PLACES OF REFUGE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE CMI DRAFT CONVENTION.pdf电子书版文档下载”中，作者从以下几个方面对难民保护进行了阐述：一是难民的定义和资格；二是难民保护的国际法律框架；三是难民庇护程序和待遇；四是难民保护的国际合作。

作者指出，难民保护的核心是保障难民的基本人权，包括生存权、发展权、参与权等。同时，难民保护还需要关注难民的心理健康、教育、就业等问题。在难民保护过程中，国际社会应充分发挥联合国难民署等国际组织的作用，加强国际合作，共同应对难民危机。

此外，作者还强调了难民保护中的挑战，如难民认定标准不统一、庇护程序复杂、难民待遇不平等等问题。作者认为，要解决这些问题，需要各国共同努力，完善难民保护体系，提高难民保护水平。

4、国际实践

国际实践是检验国际法和国家政策的重要标准。在“PLACES OF REFUGE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE CMI DRAFT CONVENTION.pdf电子书版文档下载”中，作者对国际实践进行了以下分析：一是各国在难民保护方面的政策和措施；二是国际组织在难民保护中的作用；三是难民保护的国际合作案例。

作者指出，各国在难民保护方面的政策和措施存在差异，有的国家采取积极的难民保护政策，有的国家则对难民保护持保守态度。同时，国际组织在难民保护中发挥着重要作用，如联合国难民署、国际移民组织等。此外，难民保护的国际合作案例表明，国际合作是解决难民问题的关键。

作者认为，要推动难民保护事业的发展，需要各国加强国际合作，共同应对难民危机。同时，各国应借鉴国际实践中的成功经验，不断完善难民保护体系，提高难民保护水平。

总结：

本文从国际法、CMI草案公约、难民保护以及国际实践四个方面对“PLACES OF REFUGE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE CMI DRAFT CONVENT点击联系需要东西方神秘学学习资料，专业的咨询