CRIMINOLOGY THEORIESPDF电子书下载
其他书籍
- 作 者：PATTERNS
- 出 版 社：WEST PUBLISHING COMPANY
- 出版年份：1995
- ISBN：
- 页数：484 页
图书介绍： 查看图书目录点击购买PDF全本电子书 上一篇：The export of legal education下一篇：WOMEN 《CRIMINOLOGY THEORIES》目录 标签：
Section 1 CONCEPTS OF CRIME， LAW， AND CRIMINOLOGY1
1 Crime and Criminology2
Introduction3
What Is Criminology？5
Criminology and Criminal Justice5
Criminology and Deviance8
A Brief History of Criminology8
Classical Criminology9
Nineteenth-Century Positivism10
Positivist Criminology11
Cesare Lombroso and the Criminal Man11
The Development of Sociological Criminology11
Foundations of Sociological Criminology12
Emile Durkheim12
The Chicago School and Beyond13
Conflict Criminology13
Criminology Today13
What Criminologists Do: The Criminological Enterprise14
Criminal Statistics14
Sociology of Law14
Theory Construction16
Criminal Behavior Systems17
Penology17
Victimology17
How Do Criminologists View Crime？18
The Consensus View of Crime18
The Conflict View of Crime18
The Interactionist View of Crime19
Defining Crime20
Doing Criminology20
Survey Research20
Surveys in Practice21
Longitudinal Research21
Aggregate Data Research22
Experimental Research22
Observational Research22
Ethical Issues in Criminology22
2 The Criminal Law and Its Processes26
Introduction27
The Origin of Law27
The Dark Ages28
Origins of Common Law28
Crime and Custom28
The Norman Conquest29
The Common Law29
Common Law and Statutory Law29
Common Law in America31
Common Law in Other Cultures32
Classification of Law32
Crimes and Torts: Similarities32
Crimes and Torts: Differences32
Felony and Misdemeanor33
Mala in Se and Mala Prohibitum33
Functions of the Criminal Law36
Social Control36
Banishes Personal Retribution36
Expresses Public Opinion and Morality36
Deters Criminal Behavior37
Maintains the Social Order37
The Legal Definition of a Crime37
Actus Reus38
Mens Rea39
Criminal Defenses40
Ignorance or Mistake40
Insanity40
Intoxication42
Duress42
Necessity42
Self-Defense42
Entrapment43
Reforming the Criminal Law44
3 The Nature and Extent of Crime47
Introduction48
The Uniform Crime Report48
Critique of the Uniform Crime Report49
Self-Report Surveys51
Evaluating Self-Report Studies52
Are Self-Reports Valid？53
Victim Surveys53
The National Crime Victimization Survey53
Critique of the NCVS53
Are Crime Statistics Sources Compatible？54
Official Crime Trends in the United States55
Self-Report Trends56
Victim Data Trends57
Explaining Crime Trends57
What the Future Holds58
Crime Patterns59
The Ecology of Crime59
Use of Firearms59
Social Class and Crime60
Age and Crime66
Gender and Crime69
Race and Crime70
Criminal Careers72
Delinquency in a Birth Cohort73
Birth Cohort Ⅱ73
Chronic Offender Research74
Stability in Crime: From Delinquent to Criminal74
Criminal Career Development in Other Cultures74
Policy Implications of the Chronic Offender Concept75
4 Victims and Victimization81
Introduction82
Problems of Crime Victims: Loss82
Problems of Crime Victims: Suffering83
The Nature of Victimization84
The Social Ecology of Victimization84
The Victim’s Household85
Victim Characteristics86
Gender86
Age86
Social Status88
Marital Status88
Race89
The Victims and Their Criminals89
Intimate Violence90
Theories of Victimization90
Victim Precipitation Theory:Active and Passive91
Life-Style Theory93
Routine Activities Theory94
The Proximity Hypothesis96
Crime and Victimization97
Caring for the Victim98
The Government’s Response98
Victim Service Programs98
Victim Compensation98
Court Services99
Public Education99
Crisis Intervention99
Victim’s Rights99
Self-Protection100
Fighting Back101
Community Organization102
Section 2 THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION107
5 Choice Theories108
Introduction109
The Development of Classical Theory109
The Rise and Fall of Classical Tbeory109
Choice Theory Emerges110
Thinking about Crime111
The Concept of Rational Choice111
Offense and Offender Specifications113
Rational Choice and Routine Activities113
Suitable Targets113
Capable Guardians113
Motivated Criminals114
Is Crime Rational？114
Choosing Targets114
Can Violence Be Rational？115
The Situation of Crime115
Eliminating Crime116
Situational Crime Prevention116
Situational Crime Prevention: Strategies116
Situational Crime Prevention: Tactics117
Displacement， Extinction， Discouragement， and Diffusion118
General Deterrence119
Research on General Deterrence119
Objective Measures120
Experimental Research120
The Special Case of Capital Punishment122
Perceptual Research123
Panel Studies124
Informal Sanctions124
General Deterrence in Review125
Specific Deterrence126
Research on Specific Deterrence126
The Domestic Violence Studies126
Pain versus Shame127
Incapacitation128
Research on Incapacitation128
The Logic of Incarceration128
Selective Incapacitation: Three Strikes and You’re Out129
Policy Implications of Choice Theory129
Just Dessert130
6 Biosocial and Psychological Theories of Crime Causation137
Introduction138
Foundations of Biological Theory139
Impact of Sociobiology140
Biosocial Theory140
Learning Potential141
Biochemical Factors141
Chemical and Mineral Influences141
Hypoglycemia142
Hormonal Influences142
Allergies143
Environmental Contaminants144
Neurophysiological Studies144
Measuring Neurological Impairments145
Minimal Brain Dysfunction145
Attention Deficit Disorder145
Brain Chemistry147
Genetic Influences147
Twin Studies147
Adoption Studies148
Evaluating Genetic Research148
Evolutionary Factors149
Evaluation of the Biosocial Perspective149
Psychological Theories of Crime150
Theory of Imitation150
Psychodynamic Perspective150
Psycbodynamics of Abnormal Behavior152
Psycbodynamics of Criminal Behavior152
Behavioral Theories153
Social Learning Theory153
Cognitive Theory157
Moral and Intellectual Development Theory158
Information Processing158
Crime and Mental Illness159
Personality and Crime160
Research on Personality160
Intelligence and Crime161
Nature Theory162
Nurture Theory163
IQ and Criminality164
IQ and Crime Reconsidered164
Social Policy Implications165
7 Social Structure Theories173
Introduction174
Sociological Criminology174
Economic Structure175
Lower-Class Culture176
Racial Disparity177
The Underclass178
The Truly Disadvantaged178
Are the Poor “Undeserving”？179
Social Structure Theories179
Branches of Social Structure Theory180
Social Disorganization Theory181
The Work of Shaw and McKay181
Transitional Neighborhoods181
Concentric Zones182
The Legacy of Shaw and McKay182
The Social Ecology School183
Community Deterioration184
Employment Opportunities184
Community Fear184
Siege Mentality185
Population Turnover185
Community Change185
Poverty Concentration186
Weak Social Controls186
Strain Theories187
Anomie187
Theory of Anomie187
Social Adaptations188
Evaluation of Anomie Theory188
Institutional Anomie Theory189
Relative Deprivation Theory189
Is Relative Deprivation “Relative”？190
General Strain Theory191
Coping with Strain192
Strain and Criminal Careers192
Cultural Deviance Theory193
Conduct Norms193
Focal Concerns193
Theory of Delinquent Subcultures194
Middle-Class Measuring Rods194
The Formation of Deviant Subcultures194
Theory of Differential Opportunity195
Differential Opportunities195
Analysis of Differential Opportunity Theory196
The Gang Problem196
Evaluation of Social Structure Theories197
Social Structure Theory and Social Policy198
8 Social Process Theories205
Introduction206
Social Processes and Crime206
Family Relations206
Educational Experience207
Peer Relations207
Social Process Theories208
Social Learning Theory209
Differential Association Theory209
Principles of Differential Association209
Testing Differential Association211
The Future of Differential Association212
Differential Reinforcement Theory213
Analyzing Differential Reinforcement Theory213
Neutralization Theory214
Techniques of Neutralization214
Empirical Research215
Evaluation of Learning Theories215
Social Control Theories215
Self-Concept and Crime216
Containment Theory217
Social Control Theory217
Elements of the Social Bond217
Empirical Research218
Supporting Research218
Opposing Views219
Labeling Theory220
Crime and Labeling Theory221
Differential Enforcement222
Becoming Labeled222
Consequences of Labeling222
Primary and Secondary Deviance223
General Theory of Deviance224
Differential Social Control224
Research on Labeling Theory224
Criticisms of Labeling Theory225
An Evaluation of Social Process Theory226
Social Process Theory and Social Policy227
9 Social Conflict Theories235
Introduction236
Marxist Thought237
Productive Forces and Productive Relations237
Surplus Value238
Marx on Crime238
Developing a Conflict Theory of Crime239
The Contribution of Willem Bonger239
The Contribution of Ralf Dahrendorf240
The Contribution of George Vold240
Conflict Theory241
Conflict Criminology241
Power Relations242
The Social Reality of Crime242
Research on Conflict Theory243
Analysis of Conflict Theory244
Marxist Criminology244
The Development of Radical Criminology245
Fundamentals of Marxist Criminology246
Economic Structure and Surplus Value246
Instrumental Marxism247
Structural Marxism248
Research on Marxist Criminology249
Crime， the Individual， and the State249
Historical Analyses251
Critique of Marxist Criminology251
Left Realism253
Origins of Left Realism253
Radical Feminist Theory254
Marxist Feminism254
Radical Feminism254
Power-Control Theory255
Deconstructionism256
Peacemaking Criminology256
10 Integrated Theories: Multifactor， Latent Trait， and Life Course263
Introduction264
Integrated Theories264
Multifactor Theories264
Latent Trait Theories265
Life Course Theories266
Commonalities and Distinctions266
Multifactor Theories266
Social Development Theory266
Elliott’s Integrated Theory267
Integrated Structural Marxist Theory269
The Latent Trait Approach269
Crime and Human Nature270
Choosing Crime or Noncrime270
General Theory of Crime272
The Act and the Offender272
What Makes People Crime-Prone？272
Self-Control and Crime274
An Analysis of the General Theory of Crime274
Life Course Theories275
The Glueck Research275
Life Course Emerges276
Is There a Problem Behavior Syndrome？277
Pathways to Crime278
Theories of the Criminal Life Course278
Farrington’s Theory of Delinquent Development278
Nonoffenders and Desisters280
Theoretical Modeling281
Interactional Theory281
Laub and Sampson: Age-Graded Theory284
Turning Points and Social Capital285
Section 3 CRIME TYPOLOGIES291
11 Violent Crime292
Introduction293
The Roots of Violence293
Personal Traits294
Abusive Families295
Human Instinct295
Cultural Values296
Regional Values297
Substance Abuse297
Firearm Availability297
Violent Crimes298
Forcible Rape298
History of Rape298
Incidence of Rape299
Types of Rape300
The Cause of Rape301
Rape and the Law302
Murder and Homicide305
Degrees of Murder305
The Nature and Extent of Murder306
Murderous Relations306
Stranger Homicides307
Murder Transactions308
Types of Murderers308
Serial Murder309
Assault and Battery312
Nature of Assault312
Assault in the Home313
Sexual Abuse313
Causes of Child Abuse313
Spouse Abuse314
Robbery316
Robber Typologies317
Evolving Forms of Violence318
Hate Crimes318
The Roots of Hate318
Extent of Hate Crime319
Workplace Violence319
Political Violence320
Terrorism320
Forms of Terrorism321
Who Is the Terrorist？323
Responses to Terrorism323
12 Economic Crimes: Street Crimes331
Introduction332
A Brief History of Theft332
Modern Thieves333
Occasional Criminals333
Professional Criminals333
Sutherland’s Professional Criminal334
Professional Criminals: The Fence335
Occasional Criminals: The Nonprofessional Fence336
Theft Categories336
Larceny/Theft337
Larceny Today337
Shoplifting337
Bad Checks339
Credit Card Theft339
Auto Theft339
False Pretenses or Fraud341
Embezzlement342
Burglary342
The Extent of Burglary343
Careers in Burglary343
The Burglary “Career Ladder”344
Arson344
The Cause of Arson345
13 Organizational Criminality: White-Collar and Organized Crime350
Introduction351
Are Tbey Equivalent？ Comparable？ Similar？351
White-Collar Crime351
Redefining Wbite-Collar Crime352
The White-Collar Crime Problem352
International White-Collar Crime353
Components of White-Collar Crime353
Stings and Swindles354
Religious Swindles355
Chiseling355
Securities Fraud356
Individual Exploitation of Institutional Position357
Influence Peddling and Bribery357
Influence Peddling in Government358
Corruption in the Criminal Justice System359
Influence Peddling in Business359
Embezzlement and Employee Fraud360
Bhue-Collar Fraud360
Management Fraud360
Computer Crime361
Client Frauds365
Tax Evasion365
Corporate Crime367
Illegal Restraint of Trade and Price-Fixing367
False Claims and Advertising368
Environmental Crimes369
The Cause of White-Collar Crime370
Greedy or Needy？371
Corporate Culture Theory371
The Self-Control View372
Controlling White-Collar Crime373
White-Collar Law Enforcement Systems374
White-Collar Control Strategies: Compliance375
White-Collar Control Strategies: Deterrence376
Punishing White-Collar Criminals376
Organized Crime376
Characteristics of Organized Crime377
Activities of Organized Crime377
Organized Crime and Legitimate Enterprise378
The Concept of Organized Crime380
Alien Conspiracy Theory：La Cosa Nostra380
The Mafia Myth383
Organized Crime Groups383
Organized Crime Abroad384
Controlling Organized Crime384
The Future of Organized Crime386
14 Public Order Crime: Sex and Substance Abuse394
Introduction395
Law and Morality395
Debating Morality396
Criminal or Immoral？397
Moral Crusaders397
Illegal Sexuality398
Homosexuality398
Attitudes toward Homosexuality398
Homosexuality and the Law399
Paraphilias400
Prostitution400
Incidence of Prostitution402
Types of Prostitution403
Becoming a Prostitute405
Pimps405
Legalize Prostitution？406
Pornography406
The Dangers of Pornography407
Does Pornography Cause Violence？407
Pornography and the Law408
Controlling Sex for Profit409
Substance Abuse410
When Did Drug Use Begin？410
Alcohol and Its Prohibition411
Commonly Abused Drugs411
The Extent of Substance Abuse416
Are the Surveys Accurate？416
AIDS and Drug Use417
The Cause of Substance Abuse417
Types of Drug Users419
Drugs and Crime421
The Cycle of Addiction422
Drugs and the Law424
Alcohol Abuse424
Drug Control Strategies426
Legalization433
Glossary441
Subject Index459
Name Index473
Table of Cases484
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摘要：本文以“CRIMINOLOGY THEORIES.pdf电子书版文档下载”为中心，从理论概述、内容结构、应用价值和研究方法四个方面对电子书进行详细阐述，旨在为读者提供全面了解犯罪学理论的途径。
1、理论概述
CRIMINOLOGY THEORIES.pdf电子书版以犯罪学理论为核心，涵盖了犯罪学的基本概念、犯罪原因、犯罪预防和犯罪控制等多个方面。该书以系统、全面的方式介绍了犯罪学的主要理论流派，如社会结构理论、心理动力学理论、生物遗传理论等，为读者提供了犯罪学研究的理论基础。
在理论概述部分，电子书详细介绍了各种犯罪学理论的起源、发展历程和主要观点。通过对不同理论的比较分析，使读者能够更好地理解犯罪学理论的发展脉络和内在联系。
此外，电子书还强调了犯罪学理论在实践中的应用价值，如为犯罪预防、犯罪控制和犯罪政策制定提供理论依据。这使得读者不仅能够从理论层面了解犯罪学，还能将其应用于实际工作中。
2、内容结构
CRIMINOLOGY THEORIES.pdf电子书版在内容结构上具有清晰、严谨的特点。全书分为多个章节，每个章节都围绕一个特定的犯罪学理论展开。这种结构使得读者能够有条不紊地了解各种犯罪学理论，便于读者进行系统学习。
在内容结构方面，电子书采用了以下特点：首先，每个章节都设有引言，简要介绍本章的主要内容；其次，正文部分详细阐述了各种犯罪学理论的基本概念、主要观点和代表人物；最后，每个章节都设有小结，对本章内容进行总结和归纳。
此外，电子书还配有丰富的图表、案例和实例，使读者能够更加直观地理解犯罪学理论。这种内容结构有助于读者在短时间内掌握犯罪学理论的核心内容。
3、应用价值
CRIMINOLOGY THEORIES.pdf电子书版具有很高的应用价值。首先，该书为犯罪学研究者提供了丰富的理论资源，有助于他们开展犯罪学研究。其次，该书对于犯罪学专业的学生和教师来说，是一本实用的教材和参考书。最后，该书对于关注犯罪问题的社会人士也具有很高的参考价值。
在应用价值方面，电子书强调了犯罪学理论在实践中的应用。例如，通过分析犯罪原因，为犯罪预防提供理论依据；通过研究犯罪控制策略，为政府制定相关政策提供参考。这些应用价值使得电子书在犯罪学领域具有很高的实用性和参考价值。
此外，电子书还关注了犯罪学理论在不同领域的应用，如心理学、社会学、法学等。这使得读者能够从多个角度了解犯罪学理论，拓宽了犯罪学研究的视野。
4、研究方法
CRIMINOLOGY THEORIES.pdf电子书版在研究方法上具有科学性和严谨性。全书采用了多种研究方法，如文献综述、案例分析、实证研究等，为读者提供了犯罪学研究的参考。
在研究方法方面，电子书首先对犯罪学理论进行了系统梳理，为后续研究奠定了基础。其次，通过对典型案例的分析，使读者能够深入了解犯罪学理论在实际中的应用。最后，电子书还介绍了实证研究方法，为读者提供了犯罪学研究的实践指导。
此外，电子书还关注了犯罪学研究的伦理问题，强调在研究过程中应遵循伦理原则。这种严谨的研究方法使得电子书在犯罪学领域具有较高的学术价值。
总结：
CRIMINOLOGY THEORIES.pdf电子书版以犯罪学理论为核心，从理论概述、内容结构、应用价值和研究方法四个方面对电子书进行了详细阐述。该书为读者提供了全面了解犯罪学理论的途径，具有较高的学术价值和实用价值。
本文通过对电子书的分析，使读者对犯罪学理论有了更深入的了解。在今后的学习和研究中，读者可以借鉴电子书中的理论和方法，为犯罪学领域的发展贡献力量。
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