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Charting the Divide Between Common and Civil LawPDF电子书下载

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• 作 者：Lundmark
• 出 版 社：Incorporated
• 出版年份：2012
• ISBN：
• 页数：465 页

图书介绍： 查看图书目录点击购买PDF全本电子书 上一篇：THE MACHINE QUESTION:CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON AI下一篇：VENTURE CAPITAL AND PRIVATE EQUITY A CASEBOOK VOLUME 2 《Charting the Divide Between Common and Civil Law》目录 标签：

PART ONE: General Topics3

1.The Discipline of Comparative Law3

A.The Uses （Misuses, and Abuses） of Comparative Law5

B.The Purposes of Comparative Law10

C.Some Approaches to Comparative Legal Studies15

1.Micro.or Rule.based Comparisons18

a.Comparison of Legal Terms19

b.Comparison of Legal Concepts20

c.Comparison of Norms21

d.Comparison of Sources of Rules22

e.Comparison of Legal Institutions23

f.Comparison of Bodies of Norms23

2.Macro.Comparisons24

a.Comparison of Legal Organizations25

b.Comparison of Legal Systems25

c.Comparison of Mentalites26

d.Comparison of Juristic Styles26

e.Comparison of Legal Philosophies27

f.Comparison of Legal Traditions29

g.Comparison of Legal Cultures30

D.Classifications in Comparative Law30

1.Language as a Model for Classifications in Law31

2.Legal Families33

3.Some Suggestions for Possible Taxonomic Studies38

a.Bottom.up Approach38

b.Top.down Approach40

c.Comparison at the Middle, including Legal Transplants42

4.On Using Language as a Tool for Classification44

Summary46

2.Comparative Legal Linguistics51

A.Legal Linguistics52

1.The History of Legal German53

2.The History of Legal English54

3.Characteristics of Legal German57

4.Characteristics of Legal English65

B.Language and Legal Predictability74

Summary86

3.Comparative Jurisprudence89

A.Three Conceptions of Law91

1.Legal Positivism91

2.Natural Law93

3.Legal Realism95

B.Evaluating the Jurisdictions96

1.Is Law Autonomous or Interdisciplinary?101

a.Germany103

b.The United States of America105

c.Sweden108

d.England and Wales109

2.Is Law Complete or Incomplete?110

a.Germany112

b.The United States of America113

c.Sweden114

d.England and Wales114

3.Determinable Versus Indeterminable115

a.Germany116

b.The United States of America118

c.England and Wales120

d.Sweden122

4.Predictability of the Law Versus Individual Justice122

a.Germany124

b.The United States of America124

c.England and Wales125

d.Sweden125

5.Formality Versus Morality126

a.Germany128

b.The United States of America129

c.England and Wales129

d.Sweden130

Summary130

PART TWO: Legal Actors141

4.Lawyers141

A.Historical Development141

1.Germany141

2.England and Wales145

3.Sweden147

4.The United States of America148

B.Modern Legal Education150

1.Germany150

2.England And Wales157

3.Sweden159

4.The United States of America159

C.The Legal Profession163

1.Germany163

2.England and Wales166

3.Sweden168

4.The United States of America170

Summary172

5.Judges and Judiciaries176

A.Historical Development176

1.Germany176

2.England and Wales180

a.Common Law Courts180

b.Chancery181

3.Sweden182

4.The United States of America183

B.Court Structure185

1.Germany185

a.Ordinary Jurisdiction185

b.Specialist Jurisdiction187

Ⅰ.LABOR MATTERS187

Ⅱ.SOCIAL MATTERS187

Ⅲ.TAX MATTERS187

Ⅳ.ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS188

2.England and Wales188

a.Tribunals188

b.Magistrates’ Court189

c.County Court190

d.Crown Court191

e.High Court of Justice192

f.Court of Appeal of England and Wales193

g.Supreme Court of the United Kingdom193

3.Sweden194

a.Special Courts194

b.Ordinary Jurisdiction195

c.Administrative Jurisdiction197

4.The United States ofAmerica198

a.The Federal Court System199

b.The California State Courts201

C.The Selection, Training, and Tasks of Judges202

1.Germany202

a.Training and Selection202

b.Tasks203

2.England and Wales204

a.Selection204

b.Education206

3.Sweden206

4.The United States of America207

a.Federal Courts207

b.The California State Courts208

Summary209

6.Lay Judges and Juries214

A.Historical Development214

1.Germany214

2.England and Wales218

a.Justices of the Peace219

b.Juries220

3.Sweden221

4.The United States ofAmerica224

a.Justices of the Peace224

b.Juries225

B.Selection and Training227

1.Germany227

2.England and Wales232

a.Justices of the Peace232

b.Juries236

3.Sweden237

4.The United States of America239

a.Justices of the Peace239

b.Juries240

C.Justifications for Lay Judges and Juries241

1.Germany241

2.England and Wales245

3.Sweden248

4.The United States of America249

a.Justices of the Peace249

b.The Institution of the Jury250

c.Civil Juries252

d.Criminal Juries253

Summary255

PART THREE: Legal Rules261

7.Legal Reasoning261

A.Law, Rules, Norms, Making Law, and Finding Law261

1.Finding the Law: the Normsuche262

2.Systematization and the Normsuche263

3.Putting a Judicial Gloss on a Statute268

4.Making Law269

B.Four Steps in Making and Applying the Law273

C.The Thinking Processes in Making Law277

D.Logic and Legal Reasoning280

1.Logical280

2.Reasoning by Deduction281

3.Reasoning by Induction281

4.Reasoning by Analogy281

5.The Logical Syllogism283

6.The Legal Syllogism or “Subsumption” （Applying the Law to the Facts）284

E.Mischaracterizations of Common Law Reasoning287

Summary292

8.Statutes and their Construction294

A.Historical development294

1.Germany295

2.England and Wales303

3.Sweden306

4.The United States of America308

B.Legal Sources and Hierarchies310

1.Germany313

a.Constitutional Law313

b.European Law314

c.International Law314

d.Statutory Law315

e.Legal Regulations315

f.Ordinances （by.laws）315

g.Collective Bargaining Agreements316

h.Administrative Rules316

i.Customary Law316

j.Case Law （Richterrecht）316

k.Expert Opinion Law （Juristenrecht）?317

2.England and Wales317

3.Sweden320

4.The United States ofAmerica321

C.Statutory Interpretation324

1.Germany324

a.Linguistic Interpretation325

b.Historical Interpretation327

c.Teleological Interpretation330

2.England and Wales332

3.Sweden335

a.Grammatical Interpretation （logisk.grammatisk tolkning）335

b.Systematic Interpretation （systematisk tolkning）336

c.The Teleological Methods of Interpretation （subjektiv och objektiv lagtolkning）336

4.The United States ofAmerica337

Summary339

9.Judicial Precedents343

A.Historical Development344

1.Germany344

2.England and Wales347

3.Sweden350

4.The United States of America352

B.Statutes Regarding Precedential Effect354

1.Germany354

a.The Vertical Effect of Precedents354

b.The Horizontal Effect of Precedents356

2.England and Wales358

3.Sweden359

a.The Vertical Effect of Precedents359

b.The Horizontal Effect of Precedents360

4.The United States ofAmerica361

C.The Modern Use of Precedents362

1.Germany362

2.England and Wales371

3.Sweden374

4.The United States of America375

D.Precedents and Politics in the German Federal Constitutional Court377

1.The FCC as Institution379

a.Organization of the FCC379

b.Appointment of Judges to the FCC380

c.Jurisdiction of the FCC381

d.Normative Force of the FCCs Judgments381

2.Departures from Precedent by the FCC386

a.Style of FCC Judgments386

b.Kinds of Departures386

c.Departures by the First Senates of the FCC387

d.Departures by the Second Senate of the FCC392

3.Short Comparison with the U.S.Supreme Court395

4.Explaining the Small Number of Departures from Precedent by the FCC, and the Large Percentage of Political Departures396

Summary402

CONCLUSION411

BIBLIOGRAPHY437

INDEX455

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摘要：本文以《Charting the Divide Between Common and Civil Law.pdf电子书版文档下载》为中心，详细阐述了普通法与民法之间的差异及其在法律体系中的重要性。通过对该文档的深入分析，本文从法律起源、法律原则、法律实施和法律影响四个方面进行了全面探讨，旨在为读者提供对普通法与民法之间差异的全面了解。

1、法律起源

普通法与民法在法律起源上存在显著差异。普通法起源于英国，其历史可以追溯到11世纪诺曼征服时期。普通法强调判例法，即通过法官的判决来形成法律规则。与之相对，民法起源于罗马法，其核心是成文法，即法律规则以成文形式存在。这种起源上的差异导致了普通法与民法在法律原则、法律实施和法律影响等方面的不同。

普通法的形成依赖于法官的判决，这使得普通法具有灵活性和适应性。然而，由于缺乏成文法的规定，普通法在适用过程中可能存在不确定性。相比之下，民法以成文法为基础，法律规则明确，便于适用和执行。然而，民法在适应社会变革方面可能存在一定的局限性。

《Charting the Divide Between Common and Civil Law.pdf电子书版文档下载》详细介绍了普通法与民法在法律起源上的差异，为读者提供了对两种法律体系起源的深入理解。

2、法律原则

普通法与民法在法律原则上也存在显著差异。普通法强调自由、平等和正义，这些原则在普通法体系中占据重要地位。普通法体系中的法律原则往往源于判例法，具有灵活性和适应性。然而，这种灵活性可能导致法律原则的模糊性和不确定性。

民法强调法律规则的明确性和稳定性，其法律原则以成文法为基础。民法体系中的法律原则明确、具体，便于适用和执行。然而，这种明确性可能导致法律原则的僵化，难以适应社会变革。

《Charting the Divide Between Common and Civil Law.pdf电子书版文档下载》对普通法与民法在法律原则上的差异进行了深入分析，为读者提供了对两种法律体系原则的全面了解。

3、法律实施

普通法与民法在法律实施方面也存在显著差异。普通法体系中的法律实施依赖于法官的判决，这使得普通法在适用过程中具有灵活性。然而，由于缺乏成文法的规定，普通法在实施过程中可能存在不确定性，导致法律适用不一致。

民法体系中的法律实施以成文法为基础，法律规则明确，便于适用和执行。然而，民法在实施过程中可能存在法律解释和适用的问题，导致法律实施不一致。

《Charting the Divide Between Common and Civil Law.pdf电子书版文档下载》详细介绍了普通法与民法在法律实施方面的差异，为读者提供了对两种法律体系实施过程的深入理解。

4、法律影响

普通法与民法在法律影响方面也存在显著差异。普通法体系中的法律影响主要体现在对司法实践的影响，法官的判决对法律适用具有指导意义。然而，由于普通法缺乏成文法的规定，其法律影响可能受到法官个人观点的影响。

民法体系中的法律影响主要体现在对立法和执法的影响，成文法的规定对立法和执法具有明确的指导意义。然而，民法在法律影响方面可能存在法律解释和适用的问题，导致法律影响不一致。

《Charting the Divide Between Common and Civil Law.pdf电子书版文档下载》对普通法与民法在法律影响方面的差异进行了深入分析，为读者提供了对两种法律体系影响的全面了解。

总结：

本文通过对《Charting the Divide Between Common and Civil Law.pdf电子书版文档下载》的深入分析，从法律起源、法律原则、法律实施和法律影响四个方面对普通法与民法之间的差异进行了全面探讨。通过对这些差异的分析，本文旨在为读者提供对普通法与民法之间差异的全面了解，为法律研究和实践提供有益的参考。

本文由nayona.cn整理

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