Enforcing Obligations Erga Omnes in International Law.pdf电子书版文档下载

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Enforcing Obligations Erga Omnes in International Law

Enforcing Obligations Erga Omnes in International LawPDF电子书下载

其他书籍

  • 作 者:Tams
  • 出 版 社:Cambridge University Press
  • 出版年份:2010
  • ISBN:9780521128896;0521128897
  • 页数:390 页

图书介绍: 查看图书目录点击购买PDF全本电子书 上一篇:ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY REVISED SIXTH EDITION下一篇:WOMEN LAWYERS PERSPECTIVES ON SUCCESS 《Enforcing Obligations Erga Omnes in International Law》目录 标签:

Introduction1

Part Ⅰ Background to the erga omnes concept17

1 Clarifications19

1.1 Countermeasures and ICJ proceedings19

1.2 The notion of standing25

1.2.1 Standing as a normative concept28

1.2.2 Standing as a flexible concept32

1.2.3 The diversity of rules governing standing36

1.2.4 Interim conclusions40

1.3 Standing to enforce individual legal positions40

1.3.1 The basis of the distinction41

1.3.2 Categories of individual legal positions42

1.3.2.a Bilateral legal rules and similar situations42

1.3.2.b Special injury44

1.4 Concluding observations46

2 Traditional approaches to standing48

2.1 Restrictive tendencies52

2.1.1 A structural analysis of multilateral obligations53

2.1.1.a Three categories of obligations54

2.1.1.b The legal regime58

2.1.2 A restrictive interpretation of treaty provisions: the South West Africa case63

2.2 Expansive tendencies69

2.2.1 Treaty-based rules of standing70

2.2.1.a Unequivocal treaty clauses71

2.2.1.b Equivocal clauses broadly interpreted: the Wimbledon case76

2.2.2 The position in the absence of special treaty regulations80

2.2.2.a Interdependent obligations80

2.2.2.b Status treaties80

Background81

Standing to react against breaches83

2.2.2.c The duty to comply with judgments of the International Court of Justice87

2.2.2.d Basic humanitarian standards89

2.3 Concluding observations94

Part Ⅱ Legal issues raised by the erga omnes concept97

3 Distinguishing types of erga omnes effects99

3.1 Terminological imprecision101

3.2 The traditional meaning of the term103

3.3 ‘Other’ erga omnes effects in the ICJ’s jurisprudence106

3.3.1 The traditional meaning107

3.3.2 The territorial restriction of obligations110

3.3.3 The descriptive function112

3.4 Concluding observations115

4 Identifying obligations erga omnes117

4.1 The question of sources120

4.1.1 The Court’s jurisprudence121

4.1.2 Further considerations123

4.2 Distinguishing obligations erga omnes from other customary obligations128

4.2.1 The structural approach130

4.2.1.a The strong version131

4.2.1.b The moderate version133

4.2.1.c Interim conclusion135

4.2.2 The material approach136

4.2.2.a The point of reference136

4.2.2.b The required threshold of importance138

Obligations erga omnes and norms of jus cogens139

The merits of a comparative approach141

Implications for the erga omnes concept146

Interim conclusion151

Beyond jus cogens: obligation erga omnes not deriving from peremptory norms151

Dispositive obligations erga omnes?152

Relevant factors153

4.3 Concluding observations156

5 Standing to institute ICJ proceedings158

5.1 The Barcelona Traction dictum162

5.2 Possible counter-arguments165

5.2.1 Isolated pronouncements?165

5.2.2 An obiter dictum lacking legal relevance?167

5.2.3 The international community as the exclusive beneficiary?173

5.2.4 Contradictions within the judgment?176

5.2.5 Inconclusive jurisprudence since 1970?179

5.2.5.a The Nuclear Tests cases180

5.2.5.b The East Timor case182

Obligations erga omnes and the indispensable third-party rule183

The issue of standing185

5.2.5.c The Genocide case187

5.2.5.d The Nicaragua case187

5.2.5.e The Gabcikovo case190

5.2.5.f Summary192

5.2.6 A restrictive, contextual interpretation?193

5.3 Concluding observations196

6 Standing to take countermeasures198

6.1 The Court’s jurisprudence201

6.1.1 The Barcelona Traction case202

6.1.2 The Namibia and Hostages cases204

6.1.3 The Nicaragua case205

6.1.4 Interim conclusions207

6.2 International practice207

6.2.1 Specific instances of state practice208

6.2.1.a Actual violations209

Western countries – Uganda (1971-1978)210

European countries – Liberia (1980)211

G77 and socialist countries – colonial regimes (1970s-1990s)211

Western countries – Poland (1981)213

United States – Soviet Union (1981)214

Western countries – Argentina (1982)215

Western countries – Soviet Union (1983)217

Western countries – South Africa (1985-1986)217

Various countries – Iraq (1990)219

European and Commonwealth countries – Nigeria (1995)220

African States – Burundi (1996)221

European countries – Yugoslavia (1998)223

Various countries – Zimbabwe (2002-2003)224

6.2.1.b Statements implying a right to take countermeasures225

G7 declarations on aircraft hijacking (1978/1981)225

Western countries – Iran (1979-1980)226

6.2.1.c Actual non-compliance justified differently227

Netherlands-Surinam (1982)227

European countries-Yugoslavia (1991)228

6.2.1.d An assessment228

A preliminary evaluation230

Counter-arguments examined231

The relevance of the erga omnes concept232

The selectivity of practice234

The dominance of western practice235

A lack of opinio juris237

The requirement of collective action240

Interim conclusion241

6.2.2 Governments’ comments on the ILC’s work on State responsibility241

6.2.2.a Comments made during the first reading242

6.2.2.b Comments made during the second reading245

6.2.2.c Interim conclusions248

6.3 Concluding observations249

7 Erga omnes enforcement rights and competing enforcement mechanisms252

7.1 Identifying areas of conflict256

7.1.1 Overlapping legal rules256

7.1.2 Different enforcement rights258

7.1.2.a Treaty-based systems of enforcement: a survey259

7.1.2.b Specific types of conflict261

7.2 Addressing conflicts263

7.2.1 Contracting out of decentralised enforcement by States263

7.2.1.a Direct recourse by individuals263

7.2.1.b Institutional enforcement264

7.2.1.c Summary268

7.2.2 Contracting out of specific forms of decentralised enforcement268

7.2.2.a General considerations268

The exclusivity thesis269

Alleged support in international jurisprudence269

Its rejection271

Guidelines for the analysis of specific conflicts276

Explicit conflict rules276

Effectivity277

Formal indications of effectivity278

The character of the breach278

Summary279

7.2.2.b Contracting out of ICJ proceedings279

Non-exclusivity clauses280

Implied non-exclusivity282

Flexible exclusivity clauses283

Interim conclusion286

7.2.2.c Contracting out of countermeasures286

No inter-State procedures available288

Inter-State procedures available289

Non-judicial procedures289

Judicial procedures291

Interim conclusion299

7.2.3 Special factors restricting treaty enforcement300

7.2.3.a Article 51 UNC300

7.2.3.b The effects of reservations302

7.3 Concluding observations304

Conclusion306

Epilogue312

Bibliography339

Index378

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    摘要:本文以《Enforcing Obligations Erga Omnes in International Law.pdf电子书版文档下载》为中心,从四个方面对国际法中普遍义务的执行进行了详细阐述。首先,分析了普遍义务的概念和特征;其次,探讨了普遍义务在联合国体系中的地位和作用;再次,论述了普遍义务的执行机制和挑战;最后,提出了加强普遍义务执行的策略和建议。

    1、普遍义务的概念与特征

    普遍义务是指国际法上对国家、国际组织和个人普遍适用的义务。这些义务不仅包括国家间的义务,还包括国家对其国民的义务。普遍义务具有以下特征:一是普遍性,即对所有国家、国际组织和个人都具有约束力;二是强制性,即违反普遍义务将受到国际社会的制裁;三是综合性,即普遍义务涵盖了政治、经济、社会、文化等多个领域。

    普遍义务的执行对于维护国际秩序、促进国际合作具有重要意义。然而,普遍义务的执行面临着诸多挑战,如国家主权观念的冲突、国际法实施机制的不足等。

    《Enforcing Obligations Erga Omnes in International Law.pdf电子书版文档下载》一书详细分析了普遍义务的概念和特征,为理解普遍义务的执行提供了理论基础。

    2、普遍义务在联合国体系中的地位与作用

    联合国作为国际社会的主要组织,在普遍义务的执行中扮演着重要角色。普遍义务在联合国体系中的地位主要体现在以下几个方面:一是联合国宪章对普遍义务的明确规定;二是联合国大会和安理会对普遍义务的审议和决策;三是联合国专门机构在普遍义务执行中的具体行动。

    普遍义务在联合国体系中的作用主要体现在维护国际和平与安全、促进国际合作、推动人权保护等方面。然而,联合国在普遍义务执行中仍存在一些问题,如决策效率低下、执行力度不足等。

    《Enforcing Obligations Erga Omnes in International Law.pdf电子书版文档下载》一书对普遍义务在联合国体系中的地位与作用进行了深入分析,为提高联合国在普遍义务执行中的作用提供了有益借鉴。

    3、普遍义务的执行机制与挑战

    普遍义务的执行机制主要包括国家执行、国际执行和区域执行。国家执行是指国家在国内法层面履行普遍义务;国际执行是指国际组织通过国际法手段对违反普遍义务的国家进行制裁;区域执行是指区域组织在区域内履行普遍义务。

    普遍义务的执行面临着诸多挑战,如国家主权观念的冲突、国际法实施机制的不足、国际社会合作程度低等。这些挑战使得普遍义务的执行效果不尽如人意。

    《Enforcing Obligations Erga Omnes in International Law.pdf电子书版文档下载》一书对普遍义务的执行机制与挑战进行了详细阐述,为解决普遍义务执行中的问题提供了思路。

    4、加强普遍义务执行的策略与建议

    为加强普遍义务的执行,本文提出以下策略与建议:一是加强国际合作,提高国际社会对普遍义务的认同;二是完善国际法体系,明确普遍义务的执行标准和程序;三是提高国家执行能力,确保普遍义务在国内法层面的落实;四是加强区域合作,发挥区域组织在普遍义务执行中的作用。

    通过以上策略与建议,有望提高普遍义务的执行效果,为维护国际秩序、促进国际合作、推动人权保护作出贡献。

    总结:

    本文从普遍义务的概念与特征、联合国体系中的地位与作用、执行机制与挑战以及加强执行策略与建议等方面对《Enforcing Obligations Erga Omnes in International Law.pdf电子书版文档下载》进行了详细阐述。普遍义务的执行对于维护国际秩序、促进国际合作具有重要意义,但同时也面临着诸多挑战。通过加强国际合作、完善国际法体系、提高国家执行能力和加强区域合作,有望提高普遍义务的执行效果。

    本文由nayona.cn整理

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