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LEGAL POLICY ANALYSIS FINDING AN OPTIMUM LEVEL OR MIXPDF电子书下载

外文

• 作 者：
• 出 版 社：LEXINGTON OOKS
• 出版年份：1977
• ISBN：0669007315
• 页数：329 页

图书介绍： 查看图书目录点击购买PDF全本电子书 上一篇：ORGANIZED CRIME IN AMERICA SECOND EDITION下一篇：THE YUGOSLAV ECONOMY UNDER SELF-MANAGEMENT 《LEGAL POLICY ANALYSIS FINDING AN OPTIMUM LEVEL OR MIX》目录 标签：

Part Ⅰ Finding an Optimum Level1

Chapter 1 The Policy Problem of Doing Too Much or Too Little： Pretrial Release as a Case in Point9

Ⅰ.The Problems and the Data9

A.The Basic Problems to Resolve9

B.The Data to Work With10

Ⅱ.A Causal Model Showing the Effects of Increasing the Percentage of Defendants Held15

A.The Basic Causal Model15

B.Compared to Alternative Causal Mod-els19

Ⅲ.Finding an Optimum Percent of Defen-dants to Hold Pending Trial23

A.With Linear Relations among the Variables24

B.With Nonlinear Relations among the Variables25

C.The Bottom Point on the Total-Cost Curve27

Ⅳ.A Causal Model Showing the Effects of Cost Changes on the Optimum Percent to Hold29

A.Determining the Direction of the Ef-fects30

B.Determining the Magnitude of the Ef-fects32

C.Diagramming, Summarizing, and Indi-vidualizing the Model34

Ⅴ.Further Policy, Causal, and Methodolog-ical Implications37

A.The Optimum versus the Empirical38

B.Expanded Causal Model with Further Policy Implications43

C.Expanded Applications to Other Poli-cy Problems46

Appendix 1A.Glossary of Terms67

Appendix 1B.Basic Formulas Used71

Chapter 2 Using Deductive Modeling to Determine an Opti-mum Jury Size and Fraction Required to Convict75

Ⅰ.The Basic Problems to Resolve75

A.Inability of Empirical Data to Indi-cate Effects of Jury Size75

B.Deductive Analysis to Indicate Ef-fects of Jury Size78

Ⅱ.The Basic Data to Use79

A.The Probability of Convicting an Average Defendant79

B.The Probability of Convicting an In-nocent or a Guilty Defendant81

C.The Number of Innocent and Guilty Defendants per 100 Defendants82

D.Summary and Consistency of the Ba-sic Data84

Ⅲ.Optimizing Jury Size85

A.Effects of Changes in Jury Size on Jury Errors85

B.The Optimum Jury Size When Con-victions of the Innocent Are Consid-ered 10 Times as Undesirable as Nonconvictions of the Guilty88

Ⅳ.Optimizing the Fraction Required to Convict90

A.Effects of Changes in the Fraction Required to Convict on Jury Errors90

B.The Optimum Fraction Required to Convict with a Trade-Off Weight of 1093

Ⅴ.Effects of Changing the Normative and Empirical Premises95

A.Effects of Changing the Normative Premises on the Optimum Unanimous Jury Size95

B.Effects of Changing the Empirical Premises on the Optimum Unanimous Jury Size99

C.Effects of Changing the Premises on the Optimum Nonunanimous Fraction Required to Convict103

Ⅵ.The Independent-Probability Perspective versus the Collective-Mind Perspective105

A.Calculating Conviction Probabilities Using an Unweighted Average for the Two Perspectives106

B.Calculating Conviction Probabilities Using a Weighted Average for the Two Perspectives107

C.Revised Data and Results110

Ⅶ.Variations on the Basic Model115

A.Effect of Jury Size on Representa-tiveness that Affects Conviction Probabilities115

B.Other Variations118

Ⅷ.Conclusions126

Appendix 2A.Glossary of Terms151

Appendix 2B.Basic Formulas Used155

Appendix 2C.The Impact of Jury Size on the Probability of Conviction157

Part Ⅱ Finding an Optimum Mix among Competing Policies159

Chapter 3 Developing an Optimum-Mix Strategy for Civil Rights or Other Multipolicy Activities163

Ⅰ.Basic Ideas163

A.The General Purposes and the Data163

B.The Substantive Problem and the Ba-sic Methodology164

Ⅱ.Scoring the Cities and the Activities165

Ⅲ.Finding an Optimum Mix between Two Civil Rights Activities171

A.Equal-Benefit Lines171

B.Optimum Allocation Points within Constraints172

C.Other Two-Activity Allocation Prob-lems176

Ⅳ.Finding an Optimum Mix among Six Civ-il Rights Activities177

A.Reading the Multiple-Activity Graph177

B.Finding the Optimum Allocations180

Ⅴ.The Substantive Meaning of the Correla-tion and Regression Coefficients183

A.The Role of Outside Variables like Region183

B.Negative Regression Coefficients and Causal Models187

Ⅵ.Input-Output Analysis Applied to Civil Rights Activities189

A.Working with a Variance-Accounted-for Matrix190

B.Working with a Regression-Coeffi-cients Matrix195

Ⅶ.Some Conclusions198

Appendix 3A.The Racial Discrimination Ques-tionnaire and the Average Response to Each Item209

Appendix 3B.Cities Used in the Analysis217

Appendix 3C.Glossary of Terms219

Appendix 3D.Basic Formulas Used223

Chapter 4 Finding an Optimum Geographical Allocation for Anticrime Dollars and Other Governmental Expenditures225

Ⅰ.Basic Ideas225

A.Goal to Optimize225

B.General Allocation Procedures226

Ⅱ.Allocation When Linear or Constant Re-lations Exist between Dollars Spent and Crimes Reduced228

A.With Data for Two Time-Points for Each Place228

B.With Data for One Time-Point for Each Place232

C.With Data for Three or More Time-Points for Each Place234

Ⅲ.Allocating When Nonlinear or Diminish-ing Relations Exist between Dollars Spent and Crimes Reduced237

A.With Data for Two Time-Points for Each Place238

B.With Data for One Time-Point for Each Place242

C.With Data for Three or More Time-Points for Each Place243

Ⅳ.Controlling for Demographic, Socioeco-nomic, and Other Variables245

A.The New Goal Variable of Reducing Crimes Not Explained by Demogra-phy245

B.The Use of the New Goal Variable to Calculate Linear and Nonlinear Slopes and to Reduce Positive Slopes247

Ⅴ.Comparing Geographical Allocation with Activity and Functional Allocation250

A.Linear and Nonlinear Activity Alloca-tion250

B.Similarities, Differences, Variations,and Choosing between Geographical and Activity Allocation251

Ⅵ.Miscellaneous Variations on the Basic Model254

A.Dealing with Inequality Constraints254

B.Dealing Differently with Crimes, Peo-ple, or Other Entities in Different Places256

Ⅶ.Some Conclusions258

Appendix 4A.Glossary of Terms271

Appendix 4B.Basic Formulas Used273

Part Ⅲ Problems that Can Be Viewed as Optimum-Mix or Optimum-Level Problems275

Chapter 5 A Linear-Programming Approach to Problems of Conflicting Legal Values, Like Free Press ver-sus Fair Trial281

Ⅰ.The Problem and the Data281

Ⅱ.Scoring the Cities and Respondents282

A.On the Occurrence of Free Press and Fair Trial282

B.On Satisfaction with Free Press and Fair Trial285

Ⅲ.The Problem Graphed286

A.The Axes and the Consumption-Pos-sibility Line286

B.The Legal Constraints288

Ⅳ.Some Solutions to the Problem289

A.For All Responding Groups Com-bined289

B.For Each Group Separately291

Ⅴ.Some Alternative or Supplementary Per-spectives on the Problem293

A.Emphasizing Optimum Level rather than Optimum Mix293

B.A Nonlinear, Diminishing-Returns Perspective297

C.Finding an Optimum Mix among Ap-proaches to Reducing Prejudicial Crime Reporting298

Ⅵ.Some Conclusions299

Appendix 5A.Glossary of Terms309

Appendix 5B.Basic Formulas Used311

Appendix 5C.Deriving a Multivariate Regres-sion Equation Where X1 + X2 = 1.0313

Index of Names317

Index of Subjects321

About the Authors329

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摘要：本文以“LEGAL POLICY ANALYSIS FINDING AN OPTIMUM LEVEL OR MIX.pdf电子书版文档下载”为中心，对电子书内容进行了详细的分析。文章从政策分析、法律优化、实践应用和未来展望四个方面展开论述，旨在为读者提供对电子书内容的全面了解。

1、政策分析

电子书《LEGAL POLICY ANALYSIS FINDING AN OPTIMUM LEVEL OR MIX》首先对现行法律政策进行了全面分析。作者通过对国内外相关法律法规的研究，揭示了法律政策在实施过程中存在的问题和不足。在此基础上，提出了优化法律政策的建议，为我国法律体系的完善提供了有益参考。

文章详细阐述了政策分析的方法和步骤，包括政策文本解读、政策实施效果评估和政策调整建议。通过对政策文本的深入剖析，揭示了政策制定过程中的潜在风险和矛盾。同时，结合实际案例，对政策实施效果进行了评估，为政策调整提供了依据。

此外，文章还对我国法律政策的发展趋势进行了展望，提出了加强法律政策研究、提高政策制定科学性和民主性的建议。

2、法律优化

在法律优化方面，电子书提出了构建完善法律体系的思路。作者认为，优化法律体系应从以下几个方面入手：一是完善法律法规，确保法律体系的完整性和协调性；二是加强法律实施，提高法律执行的效率和效果；三是强化法律监督，确保法律权威和公正。

文章详细分析了法律优化过程中的关键问题，如法律冲突、法律空白和法律滞后等。针对这些问题，提出了具体的解决方案，如加强法律协调、填补法律空白和加快法律更新等。

此外，文章还强调了法律优化与经济社会发展相适应的重要性，提出了法律优化应与国家战略、经济社会发展同步推进的观点。

3、实践应用

电子书在实践应用方面，结合实际案例，对法律政策进行了深入剖析。作者通过对案例的解读，揭示了法律政策在实践中的应用价值和局限性。同时，提出了改进法律政策实践的建议，为相关部门提供了有益借鉴。

文章选取了多个具有代表性的案例，如环境保护、食品安全、知识产权等领域的法律政策实践。通过对这些案例的分析，揭示了法律政策在实践中的实施效果和存在的问题。

此外，文章还探讨了法律政策实践与公众参与的关系，提出了加强公众参与、提高法律政策实践透明度的建议。

4、未来展望

在展望未来方面，电子书对法律政策的发展趋势进行了深入探讨。作者认为，随着我国经济社会的发展，法律政策将面临新的挑战和机遇。为此，提出了以下观点：一是加强法律政策研究，提高政策制定的科学性和前瞻性；二是深化法治建设，推动法律政策与经济社会发展相适应；三是加强国际合作，借鉴国外先进经验，推动我国法律政策改革。

文章还强调了法律政策在未来发展中应关注的问题，如法律政策与科技创新、环境保护、社会治理等方面的融合。

总结：

本文通过对《LEGAL POLICY ANALYSIS FINDING AN OPTIMUM LEVEL OR MIX.pdf电子书版文档下载》的详细分析，从政策分析、法律优化、实践应用和未来展望四个方面对电子书内容进行了全面阐述。文章旨在为读者提供对电子书内容的全面了解，为我国法律政策改革和发展提供有益参考。

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