GATT ARTICLE VI AND THE PROTECTIONIST BIAS IN ANTI DUMPING LAWSPDF电子书下载
外文
- 作 者:
- 出 版 社:RAINER M. BIERWAGEN
- 出版年份:1990
- ISBN:9065444971
- 页数:402 页
图书介绍: 查看图书目录点击购买PDF全本电子书 上一篇:PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS下一篇:FOREIGN TRADE REFORMS AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 《GATT ARTICLE VI AND THE PROTECTIONIST BIAS IN ANTI DUMPING LAWS》目录 标签:
Chapter Ⅰ Introduction:Dumping and Anti-Dumping1
Ⅰ.The Phenomenon1
Ⅱ.The Rules Governing Price Discrimination2
Ⅲ.The Development of Anti-Dumping Enforcement3
Ⅳ.The Justification of GATT Article VI and National Anti-Dumping Law Today5
Chapter Ⅱ Dumping,Economic Theory,and the GATT Article VI Approach7
Ⅰ.Introduction7
Ⅱ.Classical Analysis8
A.The Definition8
B.The Rationale of Price Discrimination9
C.The Effects of Dumping10
Ⅲ.New Trade and Production Patterns11
A.’Domestic'(Industry) Welfare?11
B.’Domestic’Like Products?14
C.’Domestic’Production?15
Ⅳ.Conclusion18
Chapter Ⅲ Dumping and the Multilateral Trade Treaty System21
Ⅰ.Origins21
Ⅱ.Evolution-Legalisation and Judicialisation22
Ⅲ.Multilateral Obligations and Domestic Implementation24
Ⅳ.Judicial Review26
Ⅴ.Prospects27
Chapter Ⅳ Analysis of Selected Anti-Dumping Issues29
Ⅰ.Introduction29
Ⅱ.Dumping as Price Discrimination30
A.Introduction30
B.Like Product Issues33
1.The GATT and Code Standard35
2.National Legislation35
C.Domestic Industry40
D.Input Dumping45
1.The GATT and MTN Agreements Obligations45
2.The Cases46
3.The Position in United States’ Law After the Trade Act 198849
4.Legislation of other Countries51
5.Are Changes Necessary?51
E.Subassembly Dumping53
1.Introduction53
2.Cases55
3.The GATT and Code Obligations56
4.Consideration of Cases57
5.United States Legislation58
6.The European Communities62
7.Prospects70
F.Sales Below Cost of Production and the Anti-Dumping Regime71
1.Introduction71
2.Economics and Sales Below Cost72
3.Legislation in Different States74
4.GATT and Code Standards77
5.Actual National Practice80
6.Consequences83
7.Sales below Cost in Competition Law85
8.Perspectives86
Ⅲ.Injury and Causation Issues87
A.Issues in the Kennedy and Tokyo Rounds87
1.Harmonisation Attempts87
2.The Tokyo-Round Negotiations89
B.Issues in the Actual Debate90
1.Material Injury90
2.De Minimis?93
3.Margins Analysis94
4.Technical Dumping or Price Alignment97
5.Cumulation98
Ⅳ.Procedural Aspects109
A.Initiation of Anti-Dumping Investigations109
B.Harassment through Monitoring110
C.Standing of Petitioners110
D.Undertakings111
E.Judicial Review112
F.Financial Aspects112
Chapter Ⅴ Price Discrimination in Competition Law and Anti-Dumping113
Ⅰ.Renewed Interface Discussion113
A.The Origins113
1.The Canadian Legislation113
2.The New Zealand Legislation115
3.The Australian Legislation116
4.The Legislation of Japan,South-Africa and New Foundland117
5.The Legislation in the United Kingdom118
6.The Development of United States Legislation119
B.Anti-Trust Regulation in Multilateral Treaties124
1.Paris and Brussels Sugar Convention124
2.International Union for the Protection of Industrial Property,Paris 1883124
3.League of Nations125
4.General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade126
5.United Nations Economic and Social Council127
6.OECD and UNCTAD Initiatives128
7.Council of Europe and Organisation for European Economic Cooperation129
8.European Coal and Steel Community129
9.Treaty of the European Economic Community of 1957130
10.EFTA Agreement of 1960131
11.Free Trade Agreements EEC/ECSC-EFTA132
12.Latin-American Associations133
13.Canada-US Free Trade Agreement of 1988134
14.Australia-New Zealand Trade Agreements134
Ⅱ.Price Discrimination in Competition Laws135
A.The Law and Debate in the United States of America135
1.Sherman Act135
2.Robinson-Patman Act137
B.The Canadian Legislation138
C.Law and Debate in the EEC140
1.Article 85 EEC Treaty141
2.Article 86 EEC Treaty144
3.Competition Law of the Member States146
D.Differences between Anti-Dumping and Anti-Trust Approaches to Price Discrimination150
1.General Approach150
2.Comparison of Essential Details151
E.Possible Justifications154
1.Domestic and Foreign Policy?154
2.Extraterritoriality and Foreign Sovereignty?154
3.Differences in the Setting154
Chapter Ⅵ Antidumping in the Future-Repeal It157
Ⅰ.Avenues for Action157
Ⅱ.Small Steps:Bilateralism and Reciprocity158
A.Improvement of Particular Aspects158
1.Notification159
2.Consultation159
3.Review of Final Determinations159
4.Increasing Thresholds161
B.Substitution of Anti-Dumping with Competition Law162
1.GATT Consistency162
2.Obstacles to Overcome163
Ⅲ.Multilateral Avenues of Action164
A.Constraints on Abuses164
1.Sales at a Loss164
2.Components Dumping165
3.Cumulation165
4.Margins Analysis165
5.Meeting Competition166
B.Small Scale Improvements166
1.Material Injury166
2.Like Product Definition166
3.Domestic Industry167
4.Welfare Analysis167
5.National Interest Clause167
6.Judicial Review168
C.Abandoning the GATT Anti-Dumping Concept168
Ⅳ.Conclusion169
Selected Bibliography171
Ⅰ.Official Documents171
A.League of Nations171
B.United Nations and GATT171
C.Other173
D.Australia174
E.Canada175
F.European Communities175
G.New Zealand176
H.United States of America176
Ⅱ.Books and Articles176
Annex 1 GATT(excerpts)219
Annex 2 Anti-dumping Code(1979)223
Annex 3 GATT,Report by the Panel,EEC – Japan237
Annex 4 Regulation(EC) No.2423/88247
Annex 5 US Anti-dumping Laws(excerpts)271
Annex 6 Canadian Anti-dumping Law(excerpts)309
Annex 7 Canada-US Free Trade Agreement(excerpts)325
Annex 8 Australian Anti-dumping Law337
Annex 9 New Zealand Anti-dumping Law381
Annex 10 ANCERTA(excerpts)395
Annex 11 Protocol to the Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement on Acceleration of Free Trade in Goods397
Index399
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摘要:本文以《GATT ARTICLE VI AND THE PROTECTIONIST BIAS IN ANTI DUMPING LAWS.pdf》电子书版文档下载为中心,从GATT第六条的规定、反倾销法律中的保护主义倾向、GATT第六条与反倾销法律的关系以及反倾销法律中的保护主义倾向的解决策略四个方面进行了详细阐述,旨在揭示GATT第六条在反倾销法律中的重要作用及其存在的问题,并提出相应的解决策略。
1、GATT第六条的规定
《关税与贸易总协定》(GATT)第六条明确规定,成员国不得对其他成员国的产品征收倾销税,除非该产品以低于正常价值的价格进入另一成员国的市场,并对该成员国国内产业造成实质性损害或实质性损害威胁。这一规定旨在防止不公平贸易行为,保护成员国国内产业。
然而,在实际操作中,GATT第六条的规定存在一定的模糊性,导致成员国在反倾销调查中存在较大的自由裁量权。这种模糊性使得一些成员国可能利用GATT第六条的规定,实施保护主义政策,对其他成员国的产品进行不公平对待。
此外,GATT第六条的规定并未明确界定“正常价值”的概念,这为成员国在反倾销调查中提供了较大的操作空间。一些成员国可能通过设定较高的正常价值标准,使得其他成员国的产品难以满足条件,从而实施保护主义政策。
2、反倾销法律中的保护主义倾向
在反倾销法律中,保护主义倾向主要体现在以下几个方面:
首先,一些成员国在反倾销调查中,可能存在对其他成员国产品的偏见,导致调查结果不公平。这种偏见可能源于政治、经济或其他因素,使得反倾销措施的实施带有明显的保护主义色彩。
其次,一些成员国在反倾销调查中,可能过度依赖国内产业的数据和意见,忽视其他利益相关方的声音。这种做法可能导致反倾销措施的实施与实际市场情况脱节,不利于公平竞争。
最后,一些成员国在反倾销措施的实施过程中,可能存在滥用职权、拖延调查期限等问题,损害其他成员国的合法权益。
3、GATT第六条与反倾销法律的关系
GATT第六条是反倾销法律的核心,为反倾销措施的实施提供了法律依据。然而,在实际操作中,GATT第六条与反倾销法律的关系存在以下问题:
首先,GATT第六条的规定较为原则,缺乏具体的实施细则。这使得成员国在反倾销调查中存在较大的自由裁量权,可能导致不公平竞争。
其次,GATT第六条的规定未能充分考虑到发展中国家的利益。在反倾销调查中,发展中国家可能面临更大的压力,难以维护自身合法权益。
最后,GATT第六条的规定未能有效解决反倾销法律中的保护主义倾向。一些成员国可能利用GATT第六条的规定,实施保护主义政策,损害其他成员国的利益。
4、反倾销法律中的保护主义倾向的解决策略
针对反倾销法律中的保护主义倾向,可以采取以下解决策略:
首先,完善GATT第六条的规定,明确界定“正常价值”等关键概念,减少成员国在反倾销调查中的自由裁量权。
其次,加强国际合作,建立公平、透明的反倾销调查机制,确保反倾销措施的实施符合国际规则。
最后,加强对发展中国家的支持,帮助其提高应对反倾销措施的能力,维护自身合法权益。
总结:
本文通过对《GATT ARTICLE VI AND THE PROTECTIONIST BIAS IN ANTI DUMPING LAWS.pdf》电子书版文档下载的分析,揭示了GATT第六条在反倾销法律中的重要作用及其存在的问题。为了解决这些问题,需要完善GATT第六条的规定,加强国际合作,并加强对发展中国家的支持。
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